John Tylers Presidency and the Tyler Precedent

John Tyler, the first vice president to finish the term of a president who had died in office, established a pattern in 1841 that would be followed for more than a century. The Constitution was not entirely clear about what would happen if a president died. And when William Henry Harrison died in the White House on April 4, 1841, some in the government believed his vice president would only become an acting president whose decisions would need the approval of Harrisons cabinet. Fast Facts: Tyler Precedent Named for John Tyler, the first vice president to become president upon the death of a president.Tyler was told by members of William Henrys Harrison that he was essentially only an acting president.Cabinet members insisted any decisions made by Tyler had to meet with their approval.Tyler stuck to his position, and the precedent he set remained in forced until the Constitution was amended in 1967. As funeral preparations began for President Harrison, the federal government was thrown into a crisis. On one side, members of Harrisons cabinet, who had no great trust in Tyler, did not want to see him exercise the full powers of the presidency. John Tyler, who possessed a fiery temper, forcefully disagreed. His stubborn assertion that he had rightfully inherited the full powers of the office became known as the Tyler Precedent. Not only did Tyler become the president, exercising all the powers of the office, but the precedent he set remained the blueprint for presidential succession until the Constitution was amended in 1967. Vice Presidency Considered Unimportant For the first five decades of the United States, the vice presidency was not considered a vitally important office. While the first two vice presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, were later elected president, they both found the vice presidency to be a frustrating position. In the controversial election of 1800, when Jefferson became president, Aaron Burr became vice president. Burr is the best-known vice president of the early 1800s, though he is mainly remembered for killing Alexander Hamilton in a duel while vice president. Some vice presidents took the jobs one defined duty, presiding over the Senate, quite seriously. Others were said to hardly care about it. Martin Van Buren’s vice president, Richard Mentor Johnson, had a very relaxed view of the job. He owned a tavern in his home state of Kentucky, and while vice president he took a lengthy leave of absence from Washington to go home and run his tavern. The man who followed Johnson in the office, John Tyler, became the first vice president to show how important the person in the job could become. Death of a President John Tyler had started his political career as a Jeffersonian Republican, serving in the Virginia legislature and as the state’s governor. He eventually was elected to the US Senate, and when he became an opponent of Andrew Jackson’s policies he resigned his Senate seat in 1836 and switched parties, becoming a Whig. Tyler was tapped as the running mate of Whig candidate William Henry Harrison in 1840. The legendary â€Å"Log Cabin and Hard Cider† campaign was fairly free of issues, and Tyler’s name was featured in the legendary campaign slogan, â€Å"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!† Harrison was elected, and caught a cold at his inauguration while delivering a lengthy inaugural address in very bad weather. His illness developed into pneumonia, and died on April 4, 1841, a month after taking office. Vice president John Tyler, at home in Virginia and unaware of the seriousness of the presidents illness, was informed that the president had died. The Constitution Was Unclear Tyler returned to Washington, believing he was the president of the United States. But he was informed that the Constitution wasnt precisely clear about that. The relevant wording in the Constitution, in Article II, section 1, said: â€Å"In case of removal of the President from office, or of his death, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The question arose: what did the framers mean by the word â€Å"same†? Did it mean the presidency itself, or merely duties of the office? In other words, in the event of a president’s death, would the vice president become an acting president, and not actually the president? Back in Washington, Tyler found himself being referred to as â€Å"the vice president, acting as president.† Critics referred to him as â€Å"His Accidency.† Tyler, who was staying at a Washington hotel (there was no vice presidential residence until modern times), summoned Harrison’s cabinet. The cabinet informed Tyler that he was not actually the president, and any decisions he would make in office would have to be approved by them. John Tyler Held His Ground â€Å"I beg your pardon, gentlemen,† Tyler said. â€Å"I am sure I am very glad to have in my cabinet such able statesmen as you have proved yourselves to be, and I shall be pleased to avail myself of your counsel and advice, but I can never consent to being dictated to as to what I shall or shall not do. I, as president, will be responsible for my administration. I hope to have your cooperation in carrying out its measures. So long as you see fit to do this I shall be glad to have you with me. When you think otherwise, your resignations will be accepted.† Tyler thus claimed the full powers of the presidency. And the members of his cabinet backed down from their threat. A compromise suggested by Daniel Webster, the secretary of state, was that Tyler would take the oath of office, and would then be the president. After the oath was administered, on April 6, 1841, all the officers of the government accepted that Tyler was the president and possessed the full powers of the office. The taking of the oath thus came to be seen as the moment when a vice president becomes president. Tylers Rough Term In Office A headstrong individual, Tyler clashed mightily with the Congress and with his own cabinet, and his single term in office was very rocky. Tyler’s cabinet changed several times. And he became estranged from the Whigs and was essentially a president without a party. His one noteworthy achievement as president would have been the annexation of Texas, but the Senate, out of spite, delayed that until the next president, James K. Polk, could take credit for it. The Tyler Precedent Was Established The presidency of John Tyler was most significant for the way it began. By establishing the â€Å"Tyler Precedent,† he ensured that future vice presidents would not become acting presidents with restricted authority. It was under the Tyler Precedent that the following vice presidents became president: Millard Fillmore, following the death of Zachary Taylor in 1850Andrew Johnson, following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865Chester Alan Arthur, following the assassination of James Garfield in 1881Theodore Roosevelt, following the assassination of William McKinley in 1901Calvin Coolidge, following the death of Warren G. Harding in 1923Harry Truman, following the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945Lyndon B. Johnson, following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 Tyler’s action was essentially affirmed, 126 years later, by the 25th Amendment, which was ratified in 1967. After serving his term in office, Tyler returned to Virginia. He remained politically active, and sought to forestall the Civil War by convening a controversial peace conference. When efforts to avoid war failed, he was elected to the Confederate congress, but died in January 1862, before he could take his seat.

Alain Locke s The New Negro - 1400 Words

Though times have changed, Alain Locke tries to convey that meaning into many of his writings. Alain Locke has been an activist for the many years of the Harlem Renaissance. He spoke forward about how the ancestors of African American referred as the â€Å"Old Negros† and the newer generation referred to as the â€Å"New Negros† took different outlooks on life. American Negros goal in life at this point in time was to change their mentality. But how? Locke had introduced many readers to the vibrant wondrous world of African Americans. He opened the eyes to what American Negros can do and not what they cannot do, no one should be restricted by any boundaries. One of his most influential writings was â€Å"Enter the New Negro†, its open the mind of those who have come across it. The treatment of African Americans seemed as it has changed from the 1920 to the 1930s but mistreatment still remained. At this time African American needed to convey the images left be hind by their ancestors into something greater to please and uphold their legacy, not the legacy of themselves but a legacy for the African American community altogether. Locke speaks of the mistreatment when he states; â€Å"The Negro, too, for his part, has idols of the tribe to smash. If on the one hand the white man has erred in making the Negro appear to be that which would excuse or extenuate his treatment of him, the Negro, in turn, has too often unnecessarily excused himself because of the way he has been treated. TheShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the New Negro Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesIn the beginning Alain Locke tells us about the â€Å"tide of negro migration.† During this time in a movement known as the Great Migration, thousands of African-Americans also known as Negros left their homes in the South and moved North toward the beach line of big cities in search of employment and a new beginning. As Locke stated, â€Å"the wash and rush of this human tide on the beach line of Northern city centers is to be explained primarily in terms of a new vision of opportunity, of social and economicRead MoreWhat Was The Overall Impact Of The Harlem Renaissance1110 Words   |  5 Pagespart of the New York Public Library. It is a major repository of African American material which Schomburg collected over the years and felt it necessary and preserving a sense of one’s history especially when one belongs to a group whose history and humanity was routinely denied under slavery and segregation. 27. According to Hughes, who are the three â€Å"midwives† of the Harlem Renaissance? The three midwives of the Harlem Renaissance are Langston Hughes, Alain Locke and Charles S. Johnson. 28Read MoreThe Rise Of The Harlem Renaissance1970 Words   |  8 PagesAtlantic in 1928 , and the list continues. Undoubtedly one of the most influential of events during this time was the Harlem Renaissance. Even with its many leaders and innovators, it wouldn’t have been nearly as effective had it not been for Alain LeRoy Locke: black writer, philosopher, and teacher who influenced black artists to look to African sources for pride and inspiration. Without Locke’s contribution, the Renaissance would not have flourished as much as it did, and black pride would have takenRead MoreThe Negro Movement1364 Words   |  6 Pageshistory of the culture that has risen from the ashes; one may be quite surprised just how far the African American culture has come. The progression of the African American culture is indeed one to be proud of. From cotton fields to Harlem, â€Å"The New Negro Movement†, sparked a sense of cultural self-determination, with a yearning to str ive for economic, political equality, and civic participation. This was a movement that sparked a wide range of advancements in the African American culture. LeavingRead MoreArt or Propaganda? - a comparison between Alain Locke and W.E.B.Dubois5435 Words   |  22 Pages1. Introduction. W.E.B. Dubois and Alain Locke were important contributors to the epoch called Harlem Renaissance. With their writings atrists wanted to do something against racism, they wanted to show that the African - Americans dont have to feel inferior. Writing in the April, 1915, issue of Crisis, DuBois said: In art and literature we should try to loose the tremendous emotional wealth of the Negro and the dramatic strength of his problems through writing ... and other forms of art. WeRead MoreAlain Locke Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesone common denominator. Alain Locke addresses this issue of cultural pluralism in his article, quot;Who and What is `Negro?quot; In this article, Locke states that, quot;There is, in brief, no `The Negro. quot; By this, he means that blacks are not a uniform and unchanging body of people. He emphasizes that we, as Americans, need to mentally mature to a point where we do not view ourselves as all separate races, but as distinct parts of a composite whole. Locke begins his article by questioningRead MoreBlack Boy Essay1063 Words   |  5 Pagescontrol. Really, it’s just like bullying in many schools, but one hundred times worse. In â€Å"The New Negro†, Alain Locke has many important ideas and thoughts about society and the treatment of African Americans. He shows you what every life of a black American was like in the 1920’s. Many of the ideas that he writes are shown in Richard Wright’s Black Boy. â€Å"So for generations in the mind of America, the Negro has been more of a formula than a human being-a something to be argued about, condemned or defendedRead MoreClaude Mckay s Harlem Dancer And Ended Around 1929 Essay1535 Words   |  7 Pagesintellectuals into the harsh realization that the mentality of prejudice was still deeply rooted in American society. Looking at the important figures of this period we must start with such names as Countee Cullen, W.E.B. DuBois, Langston Hughes, and Alain Locke to name a few. These intellectuals were the backbone to era and were instrumental in placing this period in a position of prominence. There were far more individuals who contributed to the relevance of the Harlem Renaissance, both black and whiteRead MoreAnalysis Of Alain Lockes The New Negro1646 Words   |  7 Pagesintellectual Alain Locke published the short essay The New Negro. In this essay, Locke describes the contemporary conditions of black Americans, and discusses the trajectory and potential of black culture to affect global change in its historical moment (Locke 47). Locke wrote this essay in the midst of the Harlem Renaissance, a period in which black artists and intellectuals sought to reconceptualize black lives apart from the stereotypes and racist portrayals of prior decades (Hutchinson). The New NegroRead MoreThe Harlem Ren aissance s Influence And Impact1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance s Influence and Impact The Harlem Renaissance era is known for its rich culture and being the source for many African American breakthrough artists such as Alain Locke,W.E.B DuBois, and Ethel Waters. . Whether it be the diversity of music, drama, art, or literature, it’s surely present during that period of time and still is today. Many questions about this time period include â€Å"How was Harlem life like back then?† â€Å"What is the Harlem Renaissance?†, and â€Å"How did it

Scripts Free Essays

Before Introduction Good evening ladies gentlemen. As event will be beginning shortly, may we invite everyone to kindly take your seats. Thank you. We will write a custom essay sample on Scripts or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction Good evening [_____________, ____________] ladies and gentlemen. I’m ___________ and I’m __________ we will be your emcees for this evening. On behalf of Linglingay Association, we would like to thank each and every one of you for taking the time to grace this blissful occasion. So relax and enjoy the rest of the evening. Opening prayerBefore we start, may I call on _____________ for the opening prayer. Pambansang AwitPlease remain standing for the singing of Pambansang Awit to be lead by __________________. Marching of Officers Before anything else, we would like to acknowledge the key persons who took a great part of this joyous affair. Ladies and gentlemen, it is with great pleasure to introduce to you the Linglingay Association’s officers. Let’s start off. Please make a stand and march as your name is called. So there you have it ladies and gentlemen, our most distinguished set of Linglingays Association’s officers. Let us once again give them a big round of applause. Message of the PresidentAnd now let’s welcome the Linglingay Association’s Chairperson. Let us give her a big hand for a job well done. Intoduction of Guest Speaker 1Without further ado, we would like to warmly welcome ___________. Sir/ Madam, thank you so much for your support. Speaker 2May I have your attention please, as we welcome _______________. Thank you sir/ Madam for gracing this occasion. Speaker 3Also with us here tonight and it is with great pleasure to have our guest speaker _________. Thank you _______________ for going out of your way to be with us. Speaker 4And now, we are truly happy to have here with us the ______________________ Thank you ___________ for sparing your precious time with us. Speaker 5For our next speaker, Friends lets give a big hand to ______________. Thank you Ma’am, it’s our pleasure to have you with us. Dance numbersAnd now, the moment we have all been waiting for, presenting to you the __________________ for their dance presentation. Thank you for that gracious presentation. Now, May we bring your attention to the dance floor as we welcome ____________________. Asking officials or guest to dance on floorNow may we invite ____________ to be on floor to show his/their talent/s in dancing. Sir the floor is yours. Food In just a few moments ladies and gentlemen food will be served. Enjoy! Ladies gentlemen, we hope you have been enjoying your food so far. Closing remarksMay we now call on _____________, for tha closing message. With that, on behalf of Linglingay Association, we would like to once again hank everyone for gracing this occasion. We hope that you have enjoyed the celebration as much as we have enjoyed hosting it to you. We wish a flourishing new year ahead of everyone. Thank you. Others Welcome scriptsWe would like to acknowledge the arrival of _____________. Welcome and Thank you for sharing your time with us. We would like to recognize the arrival of _____________. Thank you for coming sir. We would like to acknowledge the presence of ________ __. Thank you sir,and Welcome to the Linglingay’s Association New year’s ball. Thank youAgain Thank you for your participation, you may now return to your seats. Sir, Madam, Thank you so much for your generosity. Additional scriptsSo I guess that’s about it. I hope I did not miss out anyone. If I did, please be so kind to remind me. There you have it ladies and gentlemen. Holidays like Christmas and New Year bring families together. It refreshes the family ties and friendship that have gone out of date and almost forgotten against the toll of time and distance. Goodbye message to speakersThank you for being with us tonight, sir _________. Have a safe trip! Thank you for sharing your precious time sir ________. Happy new year and have a safe trip. Thank you for gracing this occasion ___________. May you have a safe trip! Welcome the associations and give their names to the emcee (get their representatives for pageants and boy pick up): Message booth: Food for the associations: For the guest speakers: Food for the judges: Game: Trip to JerusalemMs. Gay Linglingay Boy pick upGame ka na ba? (10 per association) Mr. and Miss LinglingayBalloons Disco king and queen Bingo How to cite Scripts, Papers

Work in a Global Context-Free-Sample for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the People Management and Work in a Global Context. Answer: The USA boasts of the worlds biggest economy. The dominance factor of USA has been battered however by the cropping up of the European Union (EU) common marketplace, which has an equivalent GDP of over $ 13 trillion (Hall Thelen, 2009). The brisk extension of the economies of BRIC (Brazil-Russia-India-China), particularly China, is all set to overhaul the USA in size within the span of thirty years. The current failure in the policy of US housing and the credit markets has led to the outcome of the slowdown of the US financial system. The US is often been referred to as the free market economy, though it is not been true, since the government of the country indulges themselves in protecting certain industries like the agriculture and energy. It can best be refereed as the consumer economy. In the period from 2009 to 2010, following the period of Great Recession, the rising problem of jobless upturn resulted in record intensity of unemployment of long-term with more than 5 million wo rkers looking for jobs longer than the period of six months. This in particular had an impact on the older workers and in February 2010, the certified rate of unemployment was up at 9.7 per cent. This paper would take into account the fact that USA is one of those archetypal examples of LMEs that have been showing the signs of a free economy, though it is stated to be a mixed economy. The government wanted to modernize their base industries for being able to compete in more efficient way in the global economy. It was an optic apposite for the periods of 1950s and 1960s when the high inter-war joblessness hung over the global economy along with the dilapidated barriers for trading bringing in stiffer opposition from the American multinationals. The most striking facet of the policy within the liberal states has been its prominence on the economic management of arms length. The same kind campaigned by John Maynard Keynes, whose principle are of the notion that governments have the ability in ensuring full employment, without exclusive interference through the manipulation of the rates of interest and the balance of budgets for justifying the fluctuations in economic movement. Many of the policy makers within the liberal economies have been doubtful about the economic plannings value with the analysts judging the unpretentious efforts, providing control over the fund flow in the financial system providing them more authority over the decisions related to investments. From the middle of 1970s, the popular concern in the democracies of developed nature like the USA shifted away from being economic transformation towards the inflation rates and rising unemployment in tandem after the disintegration of the monetary system of Bretton Woods and the shocks of commodity prices. Several analysts began focusing on the issue of the ways governments could lessen inflation without augmenting the factor of unemployment. The term, neo-corporatism cropped up in this scenario, focusing on the association of the trade unions along with the employers on the premise that the factor of wage bargaining could be synchronized (Edwards et al., 2013). The same can be done through associating the encompassing for promoting the interests that were economically wide of the firms and the workers. The inflation rate could be subordinated without much of the profligate increment in the unemployment issue. In such a scenario, the states role was in promoting the group of produce rs, guaranteeing that the concessions made by the workers would surge into investment instead of the dividends, offering a macro-economic motivation or the social settlements in return for the wage concessions. The constitution of US makes sure the three significant elements that generate a free market. They are in all probabilities possession of the private property, an aggressive market and the prices being of unregulated nature (Kochan Riordan, 2016). The US thrives on the concept of capitalism for its free market nature. This signifies the fact that the law of demand along with the supply sets the factor pricing and distributes the services and goods. The whole thing fits appropriately with the American Dream. It is of the opinion that each person has the true need of pursuing his or her own idea for being happy. This quest drives the spirit of entrepreneurship that is much required by capitalism. The constitution also educates the federal government in promoting the welfare in general sense. This facilitates the federal government in using the central planning in the areas that is of key importance for the growth of the nation (Boschma Capone, 2015). This takes into account telecommu nications, defense and the factor of transportation. The precedence has been on the well-being of the women, seniors and children, though Congress has unmitigated the clause of general welfare in many other areas (Lazarova, Morley Tyson, 2014). If one focuses on the federal budget, the overall reflection would be on these factors. The biggest item of budget is the benefits of Social Security figuring at $967 billion. The second in line has been the defense at $773.5 million in FY 2017. The health sector is in next with Medicare costing $598 billion and Medicaid amounting to $386 billion. As a result of this, many have been worrying of the fact that America is either fetching a state of social welfare or it is gradually becoming the slave of a military-industrial compound (Greer Doellgast, 2013). But the United States has often been described as the mixed economy and has been suggested it is superior for it. A free market economy cannot synchronize a plan of the stature of national defense. It also foliages the susceptible society members without the much required safety net. The safety net generally safeguards the right of the child for having the prospect in pursuing happiness. US, a mixed economy merges the best facets of a free economy with those of a command economy. This is where government makes use of the central plan for managing the distribution and prices. Countries that have been following communism use the command economy. When people generally think of the economy that is centrally planned, they usually think of nations like China, Russia and Cuba. But even these command economies are espousing the traits of a free market economy (Fernandez Aalbers, 2016). They are required to compete against the pricing existing in the free market economy across the globe. Onl y a market economy of free nature would provide them with suppleness for succeeding in a globalized economy. Gradually they are on the verge of becoming mixed economies. The main issue is that Congress is being spending above its means. One of the other large budget items is the imbursement of interest on the issue of debt that is figured at $303 billion (Godard, 2014).. This is mostly for the fact federal revenue does not cover the spending. Each year the deficit has been adding to the debt factor. As a result of this, the spending of the Congress for promoting the general wellbeing is irresistible in the economy of free market. The national debt is more than the annual economic output of the country. The ratio of debt-to-GDP is more than 100 per cent. This is much beyond the tipping point of the World Bank at 77 per cent. As the world has been recovering from the effect of financial crisis, investors would be leaving the safe heaven, which is US. At one point, the rates of interest would be on the up. This would gradually be slowing down the economic growth and worsening the factor of debt-to-GDP ratio. Therefore, the key concern would not be, whet her America is no longer an economy of free market? The main concern is that Congress has continued to expend ahead of its means on the whole lot. It is letting its accountability for the general benefit of the nation outweighing its duty for protecting the way capitalism works (Ahmadjian, 2016). It requires finding a way for restoring the balance predicted by the Founding Fathers of USA. One way of doing it is shifting the priorities of spending in putting the millions unemployed back on track of work. The spending on defense only has generated 8,500 jobs for every $1 billion being spent on it. It has not been that effective in generating jobs, since much has been spend on the factors of technology. Half of those funds ($3, 00,000) could be going into the public work constriction that has been creating 19,700 jobs per billion (Ferner et al., 2015). This would be thus using the benefits of a command economy through assembling quickly in solving the top issue the nation has been facing. It is required to put people back to working terms as it would be generating the demand required in letting the market of free nature grow quicker. If the spending is being kept same, the same would be restoring the ratio of debt-to-GDP at a level of sustainability (Walker, Brewster Wood, 2014). The existing relationship between the state and the economy varies in the coordinated and liberal market economies. To certain extent, these variations might obtain from the fact that many of the liberal states like USA have been electing the governments via the rule of majoritarian. Such rules have been giving the political parties stronger incentives for humanizing the median voters instead of making appeals in specific manner directed towards the labor or business, as many of the parties that have been designated by comparative representation accomplish. As a result of this, the USA governments often have relationships of weak nature with the prepared labor or capital. The multifaceted veto points of the fissiparous American political system supports foyers on behalf of the detailed interests instead of the bargains of peak-level with capital (Beyer, 2013). Partly because of the fact that the voice of the prearranged labor is weaker in those places as the firms tend to force their capabilities in shifting the resources around, liberal economies also provides low levels of social fortification than the neo-corporatist regions. In some respects, the liberal states are moderately well-positioned in coping with the austerity politics: their lower levels of social spending are easier in sustaining than the most liberal wellbeing states of other administrations (Donaghey et al., 2014). However, the higher level of indebtedness to which the growth strategies that are being led by demand have given rise in making this issue more pressing one along with the related choices more tender. The efficient up-skilling of the personnel might depend on lessening of the inequalities at social level that are now important facets of such economies, via the programs of developing the early childhood (Coates, 2015). United States boasts of a bigger financial services segment with global reach that would persist in making key contributions to the balance of payments, even though it has been encountering downsizing in the shorter term (Kaufman, 2016). The important question is whether US can lock more shares in the other industries. United States does enjoy the historic benefits in the segment of bio-technology along with information technology, associating to its capacities for fundamental innovation, but in certain other industries, like in sustainable energy, it has been susceptible to the competition in Asia. In USA, the destiny of knowledge-intensive industry has been in much doubt as their secondary education classification has been incapable to bestow higher level of skills in science and mathematics that are now being obtained by some of their rivals (Woodhall-Melnik Matheson, 2016). Thus it can be concluded that US is one of the typical LMEs across the globe. The issues for such a fact have been discussed in the above section where the spending of the government to put people back on work has been significant. America believes in putting the individuals on positions where they can generate the ability to pursue their happiness and well-being. It is one of those mixed economies that has shown the signs of free economy and is better off there. References: Ahmadjian, C. L. (2016). Comparative institutional analysis and institutional complexity.Journal of Management Studies,53(1), 12-27. Beyer, J. (2013, June). Varieties of Capitalism. InLexikon der Arbeits-und Industriesoziologie(pp. 474-479). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Co. KG. Boschma, R., Capone, G. (2015). Institutions and diversification: Related versus unrelated diversification in a varieties of capitalism framework.Research Policy,44(10), 1902-1914. Coates, D. (2015). Varieties of capitalism and the great moderation.New Directions in Comparative Capitalisms Research: Critical and Global Perspectives, 11-27. Donaghey, J., Reinecke, J., Niforou, C., Lawson, B. (2014). From employment relations to consumption relations: Balancing labor governance in global supply chains.Human Resource Management,53(2), 229-252. Edwards, P. K., Snchez-Mangas, R., Tregaskis, O., Levesque, C., McDonnell, A., Quintanilla, J. (2013). Human resource management practices in the multinational company: A test of system, societal, and dominance effects.ILR Review,66(3), 588-617. Fernandez, R., Aalbers, M. B. (2016). Financialization and housing: Between globalization and Varieties of Capitalism.Competition Change,20(2), 71-88. Ferner, A., Blanger, J., Tregaskis, O., Morley, M., Quintanilla, J. (2013). US multinationals and the control of subsidiary employment policies.ILR Review,66(3), 645-669. Godard, J. (2014). The psychologisation of employment relations?.Human Resource Management Journal,24(1), 1-18. Greer, I., Doellgast, V. (2013). Marketization, inequality, and institutional change. Hall, P. A., Thelen, K. (2009). Institutional change in varieties of capitalism.Socio-economic review,7(1), 7-34. Kaufman, B. E. (2016). Globalization and convergencedivergence of HRM across nations: New measures, explanatory theory, and non-standard predictions from bringing in economics.Human Resource Management Review,26(4), 338-351. Kochan, T. A., Riordan, C. A. (2016). Employment relations and growing income inequality: Causes and potential options for its reversal.Journal of Industrial Relations,58(3), 419-440. Lazarova, M. B., Morley, M. J., Tyson, S. (Eds.). (2014).International Human Resource Management: Policy and Practice. Routledge. Walker, J. T., Brewster, C., Wood, G. (2014). Diversity between and within varieties of capitalism: transnational survey evidence.Industrial and Corporate Change,23(2), 493-533. Woodhall-Melnik, J., Matheson, F. I. (2016). More than convenience: the role of habitus in understanding the food choices of fast food workers.Work, employment and society, 0950017016648255.

Reverse Logistics As An Integral Part Of Supply Chain Management. Essa

Reverse Logistics As An Integral Part Of Supply Chain Management. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.Introduction 2 - What is reverse logistics? - Why reverse logistics is so important? 2. Body 4 - Components - International Reverse Logistics - Outsourcing 3. Conclusion 11 References 12 Introduction Most of us think of logistics as a one-way street. Products are manufactured, packaged, stored in a warehouse, sold, and then shipped off to the customer ... end of story. Yet for many logistics managers today, that's not the end of the story. In addition to managing outbound goods, they also are responsible for reverse logistics--the flow of returned goods and packaging, including customer service and final disposition of returned items. The need to manage waste materials and returned goods is growing in all kinds of industries. Today, companies like Xerox, Eastman Kodak, Mobil, Home Depot, and Ethan Allen Furniture - to name just a few - have recycling programs that meet the needs of their individual industries. There are many reasons for the explosive growth of what's come to be known as reverse logistics over the past five years or so. The most prominent is increasing public awareness of the social costs of excess waste. A large-scale recycling program, therefore, generates goodwill among consumers and industrial customers. As support for recycling grows, moreover, companies want to be perceived as good citizens that are committed to protecting the environment. Another important reason is the need to control costs. Frequently, manufacturers treat recovery of products and packaging as an afterthought. A well-managed reverse-logistics program, however, can bring enormous savings in inventory-carrying, transportation , and waste-disposal costs. For these and other reasons, more and more companies are launching reverse-logistics programs today. Unfortunately, it's often assumed that reverse logistics is simply a matter of reversing the outbound distribution process. In fact, recycling and returns management have their own unique and complex issues that affect logistics operations. A brief overview of those issues highlights the five main areas you should consider before starting a reverse-logistics program. A related issue is what kind of resources you are willing to commit to a reverse-logistics program. The obvious answer is that the level of potential benefits will influence how much a company will invest in such a program. Too often, though, companies shortchange themselves by failing to devote sufficient time, money, and personnel to the project. A lot of times, [reverse logistics] becomes a side job for somebody. It's not their focus or a high priority, says Cindie Vaughan, supervisor of reverse logistics for Consolidated Freightways. If no one is proactively managing the process, it's bound to result in higher costs and missed opportunities for savings and profits. A solution for many companies that have limited resources for reverse logistics is outsourcing that function to third parties or transportation companies. It's up to the shipper, though, to examine the cost and service benefits, then decide how much of the process should be outsourced. As with any outsourcing decision, it's a matter of being able to focus on your core competencies and freeing up your people to work on products rather than expend your assets on [reverse logistics], suggests Brett Chyatte, senior marketing specialist for reverse logistics at Federal Express. Components The primary components of the reverse-logistics operation are retrieval, transportation, and disposition. The retrieval stage deals with where the waste or products should be picked up and by whom. Much depends on the nature of the item being returned; if it's clothing, for example, a carrier can handle all of the pickup and documentation tasks at the consumer's door. If, on the other hand, the items are oversized, heavy, hazardous, or very delicate, special training may be necessary for both customers and carriers. Burnham, for example, dismantles photocopiers for several customers that sell or lease the reconditioned machines. Drivers are trained to remove internal components that could cause damage in transit, protect glass, secure all moving parts, and pack them for transportation. Hazardous materials, meanwhile, must be flawlessly handled, but field locations and distributors may not have the necessary expertise. Michael LeMirande, business development manager for Redwood Systems, says he often tutors auto dealers in how to manage returns of such items as engines and transmissions. The battery and most fluids in automobiles are classified as hazardous, so there are specific procedures for

Slash Pine, Southern Yellow Pine Tree Species Overview

Slash Pine, Southern Yellow Pine Tree Species Overview The slash pine tree (Pinus elliottii) is one of four southern yellow pines native to southeastern United States. Slash pine is also called southern pine, yellow slash pine, swamp pine, pitch pine, and Cuban pine. Slash pine, along with longleaf pine, is a commercially important pine tree and one of the most frequently planted timber species in North America. Two varieties are recognized: P. elliottii var. elliottii, the slash pine most frequently encountered, and P. elliottii var. densa, that grows naturally only in the southern half of peninsula Florida and in the Keys. The Slash Pine Tree Range: Slash pine has the smallest native range of the four major southern United States pines (loblolly, shortleaf, longleaf and slash). Slash pine can grow and is often planted throughout the southern United States. The pines native range includes the entire state of Florida and in the southern counties of Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina. Slash Pine Needs Moisture: Slash pine, in its native habitat, is common along streams and the edges of swamps, bays and hammocks of the Florida Everglades. Slash seedlings can not stand wildfire so ample soil moisture and standing water protects young seedlings from destructive fire. Improved fire protection in the South has allowed slash pine to spread to drier sites. The resulting increase in acreage was possible because of slash pines frequent and abundant seed production, rapid early growth, and ability to withstand wildfires after the sapling stage. Identification of Slash Pine: The evergreen slash pine is a medium to large tree that can often grow beyond 80 feet in height. The slash pine crown is cone-shaped during the first few years of growth but rounds and flattens as the tree ages. The tree trunk is usually straight which makes it a desirable forest product. Two to three needles grow per bundle and are about 7 inches long. The cone is just over 5 inches long. Uses of Slash Pine: Because of its rapid growth rate, slash pine has great valuable for tree planting on timber plantations, especially in the southeastern United States. Slash pine supplies a large portion of the resin and turpentine produced in the United States. History suggests that the tree has produced most of the Worlds oleoresin over the last two centuries. Slash pine is cultivated in warm climates worldwide for lumber and paper pulp. The excellent quality of lumber gives slash pine the name hard yellow pine. The pine is only rarely used as an ornamental landscape plant outside the deep South. Damaging Agents that Hurt Slash Pine: The most serious disease of slash pine is fusiform rust. Many trees are killed and others may become too deformed for high value forest products like lumber. Resistance to the disease is inherited, and several programs are underway to breed fusiform resistant strains of slash pine. Annosus root rot is another serious disease of slash pine in thinned stands. It is most damaging on soils where slash seedlings are transplanted and is not a problem in native flatwoods or shallow soils with heavy clay. Infections begin when spores germinate on fresh stumps and spread to adjacent trees through root contact.

Internal Pressure Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internal Pressure - Lab Report Example We will do this by graphing experimental results versus theoretical calculations. We will take into account the error of the measuring system. We will also investigate the role gauge factor, Young's Modulus, and Poisson's ratio play in the effects on strain with pressure. Finally, we will project the outcome of the experiment on the cylinder as the pressure increases to some unknown large finite threshold. If one were to think of this as in a cylindrical coordinate system, the longitudinal strain would be that acting in the Z direction whereas the cirucumferential (otherwise known as the tangential or lateral) strain would be acting in the direction of theta and not radially. both ends eliminating any longitudinal stress or strain. Our case consists of the second case of a thin cylinder with closed ends. In a thin cylinder with closed ends, longitudinal stresses and strains exist, and both circumferential and longitudinal strains depend on both stresses respectively. The use of a hand pump allows one to make step measurements of strain at each increment of pressure provided by the hand pump. Each step measurement has a corresponding data point in the table of results. A bourdon gauge is used because it has a tube you can insert inside the cylinder that has the capacity to expand with increasing pressure. The gauge measures the change in its own resistance delta R, and this delta R measured is directly proportional to the respective strain as well as the original resistance R. The gauge factor is a constant of proportionality between the strain and R, and delta R. The gauge factor of 2.06 is a very typical value for gauge factors. Annealed aluminium is a somewhat ductile or soft metal. Using annealed aluminium is responsible for a somewhat low value of the Young's modulus. The Young's modulus of a substance is a measure of the stiffness of that material. The lower E is, the higher the strains will be. Therefore annealed aluminium results in larger strains making it easier to detect and record the measured strain. Once strain is determined its value can be

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

Research - Essay Example To this end, the United States has adopted a global mindset in its relation with other countries. The distinct features of a global mindset involve showing understanding, care and concern for the global citizens. Evidently, the United States exhibits this attribute by advocating for human rights doctrines among the countries citizenry, as well as free and fair democratic systems in governance. Another key communication style employed by the United States with other countries is a diplomatic process that respects the democratic systems. To this end, the United States does not interfere in the free and fair democratic processes of countries such as elections, or administration. However, it is critical to note that the United States only recognizes democratic governments that uphold the human rights of citizenry, and have achieved a consensus mandate from the general populace. Cooperation and collaboration is another communication strategy employed by the United States (Prewitt, Weil, & McClure, 2011). Evidently, effective leadership employs collaboration rather than competition. This is in recognition that competition fosters suspicion, jealousy and mistrust that can eventually lead to breakdown of relations. To this end, the United States fosters mutual cooperation with other countries in critical areas such as the trade, industry, environment and security. In the same respect of collaboration and cooperation, the United States fosters mutual partnership with democratic governments. Effective global leadership equally needs to be appreciative of the multiethnic, multiracial, multi cultural and diverse religions of the Earth. To this end, the United States employs a communication style that is empathetic and culturally sensitive. This involves the mutual respect and impartiality towards the multicultural communities. Moreover, the United States employs empathy to the global citizens in terms of crisis such as droughts, environmental

Included in attachments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Included in attachments - Assignment Example The process occurs in a cycle that recurs. Chet Richards suggests that a decision maker who has the knowledge and ability to process the OODA cycle quickly while identifying and reacting to the issues that arise, is likely to circumvent his or her opponent’s decision cycle; hence, give him or her an advantage over his/her rivals (27). The OODA Loop is instrumental in the conversion of records into information and subsequently into knowledge. Decision makers need to have a good understanding of what data represents if they are to be able to transform it into useful information; this information can then be used to impact knowledge into individuals. This can be done by analysing data, and information using the OODA Loop. The person studying the data analyzes it, orients it to filter information, makes a decision, and then acts based on the decision he/she makes. System analysts ought to have a good understanding of how workstations, networks, operating systems, databases and software operate. This should include knowing their operation potential s and limits; it is easier for a person to analyse what he knows than that which he has no idea about. Technical skills are, therefore, of great importance to any system analyst. In commercial enterprises, system analysts are most likely to work in information technology departments that are tasked with the duty of developing and maintaining systems for the enterprises. They could be could be employed as system developers, designers, or system administrators. Those of them with appropriate technical knowledge could also undertake system maintenance. d. Charge Nurse: Charge nurses are individuals with a lot of experience in nursing; hence acquiring a lot of acquaintance in the process. They can, therefore, be grouped under the category of knowledge employees. e. Software Engineer: This position can be placed under knowledge

Observation, Assessment and Planning Cycle in Childcare

Observation, Assessment and Planning Cycle in Childcare Gurcharan Pall Explain the observation, assessment and planning cycle. The process of effective planning observation and assessment is a vital factor in identifying children’s individual needs interests and abilities. In order to plan for their learning and development. This process has been recommended by Early Years (2013) and this involves the practitioners following a three step cycle which consists of planning, observation, and assessment. The practitioner will discuss each stage of the cycle and its practical application to the child’s individual needs. Every child whatever their background or circumstances has the right to support, which they need to enjoy and achieve and make a positive contribution. (Every Child Matters 2003.) With the use of planning observation and assessment the practitioner can support the learning and development requirements for each child in their care. The cycle follows three steps. STEP 1 PLANNING Planning every area of learning and development is important to ensure the child`s achievement The Practitioner should follow identified observation and assessment of the child through relevant play through a range of mixed adult –led and child initiated activities. Step 2 Observation The second stage is of observation which looks at the part of process that helps practitioners learn about the individual children .Observation may also identify the delayed areas of the child’s development which would signal that additional support may be required. A good point. There are two types of observations which are formal and spontaneous. More information can be collected from spontaneously observing the child, as without prior warning, the child will be playing naturally. Formal observation may find the child nervous and self-conscious and they may not play or interact, therefore no observation can then take place. Formal observation is more directed towards observing the child’s development of a particular task/skill or the child understands and knowledge. Step 3 ASSESSMENT Assessment plays an important part in helping parents, carers and practitioners to recognise children’s progress, understand their needs and to plan activities and support† (Early Years 2013) The two types of assessment use are; formative assessment and summative assessment. Firstly formative assessment is an on-going children’s assessment. (CHILD DEVELOPMENT) This is gone by the practitioner observing the child on a regular basis for example playtime on a weekly basis. The second assessment is the summative assessment and this is the evidence that is collected though the formative assessment over a period of time. These assessments are used to review the development progress of children against meowed development on milestones REF For example, the child is formatively assessed a weekly basis dewing play and building blocks. The summative assessment will be that the child’s development has improved, as the child can now not only connect the building blocks together but over a period of time the building blocks have progressed and the child can now build wall’s to make a building. There are showing their development. EFFECTIVE PLANNING (WRITE IN ESSAY FORM) > is based on regular, a curate assessment of children’s learning, Knowledge and skills > reflects supports and challenges children’s current interest, Enthusiasms and their learning and development > is a flexible, working document, which is responsive to spontaneous events > enables all practitioners to contribute, understand and articulate why experiences have been planned > enables children, parents and practitioners to have a voice in the planning process PLANNING IN PRACTICE- KEY ELEMENTS; Provide opportunities for individual children’s emerging needs, interests and stage of development based on previous observations and evaluations Identify appropriate links between experiences and EYFS development statements (learning intentions) Provide interesting and challenging experiences for all children within the seven areas of learning and development Outdoor activities are planned and taken on a daily basis Identifies differentiation for individual children or groups of children Provides a range of child initiated and adult-led experiences Identify high quality teaching strategies’ together with support and intervention that mach individual children’s needs (next steps) to ensure good progress Evaluate planned and unplanned learning Reflect on learning environment to adapt and enhance provision DESCRIBE HOW TO DEVELOP PLANNING FOR INDIVIDUAL CHILDREN Planning when being arranged should be flexible to take into account different age group children`s different background the weather and the unexpected. The child`s planning should be based upon your assessment and observation of the individual child so you can take the best steps for their further learning and development. The Development Matters guidance is and can be a very useful tool in planning successfully the child`s ability to move on to the next stage of development. There are 3 steps of planning. Long term. Providing you with themes and topics you may cover over the term. All links to learning and development areas, a balance of indoor, and outdoor activities. Periods of rest and being quite are also required. Medium term. A better detailed plan of topics and themes to be covered. Consideration of other routines such as mealtimes babies sleeping times. All main resources within your setting`s as play areas, equipment storage areas, book corner. A observation area for you to identify the child`s needs. Short term. A weekly plan of plans, observational findings and activities to be carried out. Making reference to the child`s interest .The particular piece of equipment or resource that may be needed the area or amount of room required, health and safety issues that may arise. Ensure you have made arrangements for all the different age groups, and children with disabilities and special educational needs. A good outline of the different types of planning. Long term planning will provide an overview of topics and themes practitioner will cover for children in their care however long term planning will not identify which interest children will have so any planning should be flexible to be able to adapt at last minute if required. Spontaneous activity is one of the most effective learning experiences. Weather is a very strong interesting subject for the children i.e. rain , snow, winds and sunshine many points of interest can be made from the weather many activities can be made use of, Rain, flooding control of water what rain stops you doing, Snow, melting snow building objects snowball fights to began. Wind, power of wind, moving objects leaves trees people movement, flags, sun, heat outdoor activities. The Main difference between formative and summative assessments methods is primarily the time scale involved in each of the assessment types. Formative Assessment is the process of obtaining factual information. Based on firsthand knowledge, gathered by the practitioner whilst spending time with the child, observing the habits and routines of the child. The Sources of information can range from photographs, videos or even conversations with the child’s parents as this can highlight things that otherwise could be missed as behaviour at home can be very different for some children. The process of assessing what young children know and can do poses particular challenges for young learners. Assessing children is often â€Å"unreliable,† as young children’s performance is not necessarily consistent over even short periods of time. Contextual influences and emotional states can affect how they perform on assessments. Moreover, young children develop at vastly different rates and their developmental and learning patterns can be episodic, uneven, and rapid. Understanding what children know is important for tea chers, since children’s new knowledge builds on prior knowledge. Given these factors, teachers’ use of formative assessment to inform instruction is an essential piece of effective pedagogy. Formative assessment is much more than repeated assessment measures over time. Formative assessment is a process, which includes a feedback loop to assist children in closing the gap between current status and desired outcomes, milestones, or goals. It informs and supports instruction while learning is taking place, by having children receive feedback from the instructor. It also includes multiple sources of evidence gathered over time. The formative assessment process is not a single event or measurement but rather an ongoing planned and intentional practice to evaluate learning with teaching. Formative assessments yield descriptive data—not necessarily judgments. It often takes the form of observational protocol using evidence collection as a means to examine children’s cognitive processes. Formative assessment may be defined in different ways in state regulations and interpretations. The definition best captures the essence of formative assessment for the purposes of this brief focused on young children. It is defined as, â€Å"a process used by carers for children during instruction periods that provide feedback to adjust ongoing teaching and learning, to improve children’s achievement of intended instructional outcomes.† Summative Assessment is almost a conclusion of your collective knowledge gained from doing your Formative assessment’s, this is obviously an assessment that is done over a longer period of time as all the prerequisite Formative assessments need to be completed. This knowledge gives the practitioner the ability to make an educated verdict on the achievements of the child. The EYFS Profile is the summative assessment used to review children’s progress along the early learning goals. Summative assessment also employs a variety of tools and methods for obtaining information about what has been learned. In this way, summative assessment provides information at the early year’s levels. Defining characteristics of effective summative assessment include a clear alignment between assessment and instruction, as well as the use of assessments that are both valid and reliable. When objectives are clearly specified and connected to instruction, summative assessment provides i nformation about a children’s achievement of specific learning objectives. Individual Learning Programmes can be formed from using these particular assessments, these assessments should also, supports and endeavour to comply with the ethos devised through â€Å"Every Child Matters†. Conclusion I can conclude that it’s a vital part of the process between carer/care organisation’s to stringently follow the observation assessment and planning cycle as this can effectively show any pitfalls in the learning and development process of the children. With formative and summative being the most useful and statutory assessments in situ, the only problem I find, is they can be restrictive or to slow in fully identifying issues and vital time can be lost to the carer/ organisation and the child. Flexibility by that carer/organisation is crucial to the learning development of the children and individual learning programmes can be a good guideline to promote the weaknesses and turn them into strengths through focused sessions which should be reviewed as frequently as possible to ensure the child’s learning does not become static and too focused on any one particular set of problems or issues, learning the child’s strengths through the formative and summative methods can genuinely help create Individual learning programmes tailored to the child allowing you to improve their weaknesses through their strength i.e. a young person learns through music quicker than reading so using song’s to remember the alphabet (using strength to overcome a weakness) this is the main focus of correctly using the above mentioned methods and adhering to the observation, assessment and planning cycle. Reference www.barniesdaynurseries.com, http://ceelo.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ceelo_policy_report_formative_assessment.pdf, Department of Education (2013): Improving the functionality and range of education and childcare from birth to 5 years, www.gov.uk/government/ Updated 1st Sep 2014 Accessed 27th Oct 2014 http://www.education.com/reference/article/formative-and-summative-assessment/ Every child matters 8th September 2003 (from HM Treasury – www.gov.uk/government/uploads (Presented to parliament by the chief secretary to the treasury by command of her majesty September 2003) Observation, Assessment and planning cycle Statutory framework for the early years foundation stage DFE 2014 Ref united nations (1989)convention on the rights of the child, united nations, network Childeminding and Ofsted effective practice: observation, planning

Self-discovery in Shakespeares King Lear :: King Lear essays

Self-discovery in King Lear Through the course of the play, King Lear goes through a process of attaining self-knowledge, or true vision of one's self and the world. With this knowledge, he goes through a change of person, much like a caterpillar into a butterfly. In the beginning, King Lear's vanity, and the image and exercise of power dominate his person. But a series of losses (based on his own bad decisions), a "fool" of a conscious, a powerful storm, a "supposed" crazy man, and the death of the one who truly loved him, clear his vision and allow him to see the himself and the world as they truly are. The pain and suffering endured by Lear eventually tears down his strength and sanity. Lear is not as strong, arrogant, and filled with pride as he was in the beginning of the play instead he is weak, scared, and a confused old man. At the end of the play Lear has completely lost his sanity with the loss of his daughter Cordelia and this is the thing that breaks Lear and leads to his death. In the beginning, King Lear shows his need for praise is how he chooses to divide his kingdom among his daughters. The one who praises him with the most "gusto" shall receive the largest area of land. This is even more evident when you consider that he already has divided up the kingdom before the praising even begins. As evident as he gives each daughter her land before hearing the next daughter's praise. Thus the who thing is just a show and an ego boost to himself. It is because of his love for praise that makes him react so strongly to Cordelia and Kent when they do not act as he would like them to. It could be said he is like a child who doesn't remember all that his family has done for them, but only sees them saying no to a piece of candy. In the play, this is shown in his banishment of Cordelia and Kent. Kent is probably one of the most loyal people in the room (not to mention his kingdom), and it is Cordelia that truly does love Lear. But because they choose not to contribute to this "ego trip", they are banished. In fact, he threatens to kill Cordelia if she is found in ten days. Lear says, "Upon our kingdom; if, on the tenth day following, Thy banished trunk be found in our dominions, The moment of thy death.

Component of Marketing Plan Essay

INTRODUCTION Marketing plan is the central instrument for directing and coordinating the marketing effort. The marketing plan operates at two levels: strategic and tactical. The strategic marketing plan lays out the target markets and the value proposition that will be offered, based on an analysis of the best market opportunities. The tactical marketing plan specifies the marketing tactics, including product features, promotion, merchandising, pricing, sales channels, and service. Marketing plan is a written document that summarizes what the marketer has learned about the market place and indicates how the firm plans to reach its marketing objectives. It contains tactical guidelines for the marketing programs and financial allocation over the planning period. It is one of the most important outputs of the marketing process. Marketing plans are becoming more customer and competitor oriented and better reasoned and more realistic than in the past. Marketing planning is becoming a continuous proces s to respond to rapidly changing market conditions. What is a Marketing Plan? A marketing plan provides direction for your marketing activities. Marketing plans need not be long or cost a lot to put together. Think of it as a road map, with detailed directions on how to get to your destination. Sure there may be a few bumps in the road, perhaps a diversion or two, but if the marketing plan is carefully researched, thoughtfully considered and evaluated, it will help the organization achieve its goals. The marketing plan details what you want to accomplish with your marketing strategy and helps you meet your objectives. The marketing plan: †¢ Allows the organization to look internally in order to fully understand the impact and results of past marketing decisions. †¢ Allows the organization to look externally in order to fully understand the market in which it chooses to compete. †¢ Sets future goals and provides direction for future marketing efforts that everyone in the organization should †¢Understand and support. †¢ Is a key component in obtaining funding to pursue new initiatives? Components of a Marketing Plan A marketing plan consists of following components: 1. Executive Summary 2. Situation Analysis 3. SWOT Analysis 4. Marketing Goals and Objectives 5. Marketing Strategies 6. Budget 7. Marketing audit 8. Evaluation and Control Executive Summary The executive summary is the first part of the marketing plan, but should be written after all other parts are completed. It is a brief overview of the entire plan and covers only the main points. It is useful to people you approach with your plan, such as investors, who may want to read a synthesized version to determine if they are interested in it before taking the time to read it in depth. The executive summary is also useful internally, as it helps to remind you and your employees of the organization’s desired marketing goals and how to achieve them. Situation Analysis The situation analysis helps you to determine where your organization presently stands. It should examine what’s going on outside of the organization, what’s happening with consumers, and how the business is functioning internally. External Analysis What changes are taking place in your city, county, state, country and around the world that could potentially impact your business? Some things to investigate are: †¢ Changes in political positions and legislation at the local, state, and national level. †¢ Changes in technology †¢ Trends in society’s values and habits †¢ Identify competitors and list their characteristics †¢ Economic conditions Customer Analysis Before developing a marketing plan it’s important to find out what consumers want and how they make purchase decisions. This may require some marketing research. Think about these factors: †¢ Current and potential customers †¢ Trends in consumer buying habits †¢ Why do consumers purchase this product or service? †¢ Why do others not purchase this product or service? Internal Analysis Knowing the state of the organization and its resources helps to determine where it is strong and what areas need attention. Include the following in the marketing plan: †¢ Current state of financial and human resources †¢ Anticipated state of financial and human resources †¢ Your business’s performance in relation to competitors The 5 C’s of Marketing can be summarized as: Company – The product time line, experience in the market, etc. Collaborators (or Partners) – Distributors, suppliers, and alliances. These are any companies that you work with on a day to day basis to help your company run. Customers – This is your market. Ask yourself what benefits they are looking for. What motivates them in the purchase process? Where the customer does actually purchases your product? How the product is purchased (impulse buys, internet, etc)? Understand the quantity a customer will purchase and even trends in consumer tastes. Competitors – Both your actual and potential competitors and those that directly or indirectly compete with you. Understand their products, positioning, market shares, strengths and weaknesses. Climate (or Environment) – These are governmental policies and regulations that affect the market. It is also the economic environment around your company; which is the business cycle, inflation rate, interest rates, and other macroeconomic issues. Society’s trends and fashions are found in the â€Å"climate.† The technological environment is creating new ways of satisfying needs (i.e. using technology to enhance the demand for existing products). SWOT Analysis Conducting a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis is essential in assessing the company’s position and serves as a guide to developing marketing plans. Benefits of a SWOT Analysis A SWOT analysis provides a fairly simple, low-cost way of assessing the company’s position. It presents information that is important in developing business and marketing plans, as well as setting organizational goals and objectives. It tells you where the company currently sits, and where it needs to go in the future. [pic] When conducting your SWOT analysis, you should: †¢ Examine your company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats from a customers’ perspective. If you’re having trouble viewing issues that way, ask customers what they think or conduct surveys. †¢ Separate internal issues from external issues. The company’s strengths and weaknesses are internal; opportunities and threats are external. The key test to differentiate the two environments is to ask, â€Å"Would this issue exist if the firm did not exist?† If the answer is yes, the issue should be classified as external. Some things to consider about your company when determining your strengths and weaknesses are: †¢ Size and financial resources †¢ Scale and cost economies †¢ Customer Perceptions You will probably have to do some research on your competitors, your industry, and the environment in order to complete the opportunities and threats portion of your SWOT analysis. Here are some topics to consider: †¢ Trends in the competitive environment †¢ Trends in the technological environment †¢ Trends in the sociocultural environment Once you’ve finished a SWOT analysis for your company, include the resulting strategy in your business and marketing plans. Some key actions to take include: Transform strengths into capabilities by matching them with opportunities in the environment. Example Strength: The company has a very efficient order fulfillment and distribution process Opportunity: There is an unfulfilled need for the company’s product in other countries Capability: The company is capable of distributing its products worldwide †¢ Convert weaknesses into strengths by investing strategically in key areas. Example Weakness: Employees are not familiar with the latest technology in the company’s industry Investment: The employer sends employees to classes, workshops, and conferences Strength: Employees now have inside information on cutting edge technology relevant to the industry †¢ Weaknesses that cannot be converted into strengths become limitations. Example Weakness: A start-up company that has a tight distribution budget and no connections in the industry may have difficulty getting shelf space in stores Meaning to consumers: Consumers may not be able to find the company’s products Minimization: Allow consumers to purchase products through other channels, such as a web site or mail order catalog. Marketing Goals and Objectives After determining your company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, you’ll have a better idea of what marketing goals and objectives should be set. Goals are the overall accomplishments that you’d like to make and objectives are benchmarks to meeting those goals. You might say that goals are more qualitative and objectives are more quantitative. For example: Marketing Goal: Increase awareness of Product X Corresponding Objectives: Increase last year’s direct mail distribution by 20% this year; develop a web site for Product X by June 1st; participate in five trade shows by the end of the year. Goals must be realistic and consistent with the firm’s mission. Objectives must be measurable and time-specific. You may also want to include the person responsible and the budget required for each objective. Marketing Strategies In this section, you’ll define your primary, secondary, and tertiary target markets and their purchasing characteristics. Next, discuss the marketing mix elements (product, price, distribution, and promotion) as they relate to your product or service. Some questions you may want to answer for each target market include: Product †¢ What are the features and benefits of your product? †¢ What is your competitive advantage? †¢ How will you position and differentiate your product? †¢ What complementary products are available? †¢ What customer services are available? Price †¢ What are the costs associated with the product or service? †¢ What will your pricing strategy be? †¢ Will you give discounts? Distribution †¢ Who are your suppliers and intermediaries? †¢ How will you make the product or service conveniently available to consumers? †¢ What partnerships can be developed to distribute the product? Promotion †¢ Where will you advertise? †¢ What public relations activities will be involved? †¢ If you will be involved in personal selling, what is your sales strategy? †¢ What types of promotions will you run? †¢ What sponsorship opportunities are available? Setting the Promotion Mix When deciding how to properly utilize the marketing communications mix to meet your marketing objectives, it is important to consider the relative strengths and weaknesses of each component of the mix. Further, you must always define your total budget first (generally defined in the Marketing and/or Business Plan) and then decide upon the best way to leverage the different elements of the mix to maximize the return on your investment. You will balance the various parts of the mix to not only create an integrated approach to your marketing communications but you must also devote enough resources for each component to be successful. Here are some things to keep in mind: [pic]Reaches large, geographically dispersed audiences, often with high frequency; Low cost per exposure, though overall costs are high; Consumers perceive advertised goods as more legitimate; Dramatizes company/brand; Builds brand image; may stimulate short-term sales; Impersonal, one-way communication; Expensive [pic]Most effective tool for building buyers’ preferences, convictions, and actions; Personal interaction allows for feedback and adjustments; Relationship-oriented; Buyers are more attentive; Sales force represents a long-term commitment; Most expensive of the promotional tools [pic]May be targeted at the trade or ultimate consumer; Makes use of a variety of formats: premiums, coupons, contests, etc.; Attracts attention, offers strong purchase incentives, dramatizes offers, boosts sagging sales; Stimulates quick response; Short-lived; Not effective at building long-term brand preferences [pic]Highly credible; Very believable; Many forms: news stories, news features, events and sponsorships, etc.; Reaches many prospects missed via other forms of promotion; Dramatizes company or product; Often the most under used element in the promotional mix; Relatively inexpensive (certainly not ‘free’ as many people think–there are costs involved) [pic]Many forms: Telephone marketing, direct mail, online marketing, etc.; Four distinctive characteristics: Nonpublic, Immediate, Customized, Interactive; Well-suited to highly-targeted marketing efforts Budget: †¢ The goal of your marketing budget is to control your expenses and project your revenues. †¢ It also assists in the coordination of your marketing activities within your organization. †¢ A realistic budget establishes a standard of performance for your actions, and communicates those standards to others responsible for implementing your marketing strategy. †¢ A well-designed budget is also a tool to keep you on target and indicate when there is needed modification of your marketing plan, especially if something goes really right or very wrong. Budgeting Approaches Where do you get budget numbers? How do you set a budget and organize it? What are some standard ways to measure your budget? There are several approaches you can take to create your budget. Examples of these approaches may include basing your budget on: †¢ Percent of projected gross sales. †¢ Percent of past gross sales. †¢ Per unit sales. †¢ Seasonal allocation. †¢ Projected cash flow. Select a budget methodology that will work best for your business. You may want to make this choice based on how you track your sales and revenues, or based on industry standards. Marketing Audit The Marketing Audit is committed to improving strategic decision making when companies are faced with specific business challenges. Our market research studies provide clarity and insight, often on the most important questions faced by top executives, corporate managers, and strategy professionals. Here are 10 of 25 key dimensions a marketing audit should assess: 1. Key factors that impacted the business for good or for bad during the past year. Including an evaluation of marketing â€Å"surprises†Ã¢â‚¬â€the unanticipated competitive actions or changes in the marketing climate that affected the performance of the marketing programs. 2. The extent to which each decision in the marketing plan—e.g. targeting, positioning, pricing, advertising, etc.—was made after evaluating many alternatives in terms of profit-related criteria. 3. Marketing knowledge, attitudes, and satisfaction of all executives involved in the marketing function. 4. The extent to which the marketing program was marketed internally and bought into by top management and non-marketing executives. 5. Customer, distributor, vendor, and intermediary satisfaction based on research among key target groups. 6. The performance of advertising, promotion, sales force, and marketing research programs in terms of ROI. 7. The performance of non-traditional programs, particularly digital offerings, in terms of ROI. 8. Whether the marketing plan achieved its stated financial and non-financial goals and objectives. 9. Which aspects of the plan that failed to meet objectives with specific recommendations for improving next year’s performance. 10. The current value of brand and customer equity for each brand in the product portfolio. Evaluation and Control Many business owners forget the importance of evaluating their marketing plan. This is extremely important, because it serves as a guideline for what to do or not to do in the next marketing planning period. It is also ensures that the plan will be implemented properly. Some questions to be answered include: How will employees be evaluated and compensated for their work? †¢ How can communication between employees be improved? †¢ Do the employees share the firm’s values? †¢ Is management committed to the implementation of the marketing plan? †¢ What can be done if the product or service does not meet performance standards? †¢ What corrections can be made if the pricing, distribution, and promotion strategies do not accomplish the marketing goals and objectives? †¢ How will marketing activities be evaluated?

Book Design in Self Publishing - Breaking New Ground

Book Design in Self Publishing - Breaking New Ground Book Design in Self-Publishing: Breaking New Ground Self-publishing is often about pushing the boundaries, and this is what today’s interview is all about. The Perfect Capital by Karen Healey Wallace isn’t just any self-published book, it is one whose design is ingrained into its very being, both through the story it tells and through its sophisticated layout and typography.The Perfect Capital has truly broken new ground and was nominated for Best British Book Award Shortlist and Best Editorial Design Award Shortlist 2014. We   spoke to Karen about the inspiration behind the book, it’s design, and typographer Eric Gill’s role in the story. For those who love video, just hit play. If you prefer images with an edited text, feast your eyes on the text and words below.â€Å"Book production in the hands of writers should create books nobody’s done, nobody’s even dreamed of. Because they come unimpeded out of your imagination.† Karen Healey WallaceWelcome Karen it’s great to have you with us, to start with, can you please tell me a little more about you concept of book creation in the hands of authorsHi! Well it does seem illogical to me that books in the hands of authors aren’t the best books on the market. There was an age when ‘vanity publishing’, as they called it then, was the high-end of the market and the idea that an author can see their book through exactly the way they wanted it, should produce the most beautiful books. So it seems to me a strange anomaly that a lot of self-publishing now seems rubbish - lots of Print-On-Demand books, often with typographical errors etc - but it doesn’t need to be that way and it shouldn’t be! So I hope that The Perfect Capital is a pathfinder for more books like this.Please show us what the book looks like! It’s quite an object†¦Well to start with, here’s the spine - the spine title has replaced the collator’s marks which was probably one of the bravest thin gs I did because you can’t actually see the title at all. I made the executive decision that people don’t make book choices from 15 feet away, they usually walk right up to it and see whether they want it.A brief background around how this thing came into being: The Perfect Capital is a piece of literary fiction. It’s about one woman’s quest to find the perfect letter form of the typographer Eric Gill (1882-1940). So the story weaves in that character’s artistic discoveries, which looks at Eric Gill’s real-life inscriptions in London. This is woven into the other side of the story line where an old-fashioned character (Maud) falls in with the most imperfect man (Edward). The fiction and narrative is based in Gill himself: I took the perfect artist and put him in one character; and then I put the other part of Gill as a highly imperfect man into another character.That was originally where I was going to leave it†¦ What I didn’t re alise was going to happen was put perfectly by Beatrice Ward who said that â€Å"Either the whole man comes up, or else the tweezers slip†. It was everything or nothing. I absolutely experienced that in my relationship, so I found myself unable to pick and choose. I was writing the design brief for the book and the book when I knew I was going to be self-publishing it, the book literally appeared fully formed in my head. Whilst I did need to find a designer and a printer, I actually never needed to submit that brief because I knew exactly what I wanted, I just needed to find the people to make it happen.Talk us through the thought process of making the bookThe nice thing is that although I ended up making something special, I never decided to make something special: I didn’t sit down and say â€Å"this is going to be a really beautiful book†. My only decision was to make a book that was absolutely right for my story. The perfect book in my mind isn’t jus t an advertisement for the story that’s inside it, it actually tells the story from the moment you pick it up.Because I didn’t know what I was doing, I was in the lovely position to make the book that I chose to make, rather than make the book that convention or machinery would allow. It’s having the idea and saying â€Å"how can I make this work† rather than knowing how things work and limiting your ideas to that. I knew that I wanted a type-only book that fit with my story. The book is of course in paper and not in stone, but it has a feeling of stone. It’s very simple and feels like an art book and obviously the story is about an artist inside.service@reedsy.com to claim your discount!

Carol Ann Duffy Midas and Aesop Essays

Carol Ann Duffy Midas and Aesop Essays Carol Ann Duffy Midas and Aesop Essay Carol Ann Duffy Midas and Aesop Essay Mrs. Aesop In Mrs Aesop, Duffys speaker does more than regret a loss; this time, her tone is resentful that the man she married has turned out to be an Asshole. Mrs Aesop relies on the readers foreground knowledge that Aesop (a Greek slave) was a literary genius responsible for inventing the allegorical mode; this is the worlds preconceived view of him. By contrast, his wifes starting-point is that, no matter how entertaining and instructive Aesops fables are, the man himself is a bore and, whats more, boring (Tedious) because, if he isnt busy researching his next tale, hen hens talking at her in the didactic language of the last one. The racy, vernacular rhythms of Duffys free verse And thats another thing, the sex was diabolical are ideally suited to express both her rhetorical indignation at his pious lecturing and her deeper frustration at his inadequacies; to illustrate his sexual impotence, she concocts her own fable about a little cock that wouldnt crow. Whats more, Mrs Aesops last sentence (l laughed last, longest) suggests by the glee with which she urns her husbands own proverbial wisdom against him that her motto must be Dont get mad, get even. Mrs. Midas In Mrs Midas, Duffys imagined speaker is the wife of Midas, King of Phrygia to whom Dionysus granted his hamartic wish that everything he touched should turn to gold. Duffys strategy is to chart the stages by which it dawns on Midas wife first that her husband possesses this golden touch and second that it has potentially fatal consequences: lt was then that I started to scream. King Midas fatal flaw is his asculine sense of priorities according to which material satisfaction appears more important than emotional/spiritual fulfilment; her dramatic realisation of his folly Mrs Midas records by her exercise of a grim wit at her husbands expense. In the situation, she discovers that metaphorical expressions (near petrified/ when it comes to the crunch/ heart of gold) have recover ed their literal meanings. The best of these verbal gags she saves for the final verse-paragraph: What gets me now is not the idiocy or greed but lack of thought for me. Pure selfishness. The poem is a criticism of male selfishness: if it is pure selfishness, then in the particular circumstances it is 24-carat selfishness. Mrs Midas, however, is not misanthropic; her tone is of regret that she has lost the man she loves and her final sentiment is a wistful longing to have him again: I miss most0even now, his hands, his warm hands on my skin, his touch. The ultimate irony is that Midas possessed a magic touch all along: namely, the physical touch which had the power to transform her into a loving wife. Carol Ann Duffy Midas and Aesop By Armaan-Bhatia

Recommendation of Internal Control for Purchases, Payables and Essay

Recommendation of Internal Control for Purchases, Payables and Payments - Essay Example There also remains the question of assessing the adequacy of the policies and procedures, and determine whether these are being implemented, working efficiently and being monitored effectively. The paper will further discuss the strengths and weaknesses in the internal control system of purchases, payables and payments. Management is responsible to ensure that proper internal controls are being exercised and being operated as intended. We believe that this information will alert to possible weaknesses in our organization and enable the management to initiate appropriate actions to address the concerns. The text book defines internal auditing as an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organizations operations. It helps an organization to accomplish its objectives by evolving a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes.   The internal audit activity evaluates the adequacy and effectiveness of controls that encompass the organizations governance, operations, and information systems. Internal audit reviews include the reliability and integrity of financial and operational information, effectiveness and efficiency of operations, safeguarding of assets, and compliance with laws, regulations, and contracts. These reviews also ascertain the extent to which operating and program goals and objectives have been established and whether they conform to the requirements of the organization. Besides, it also examines the extent to which results are consistent with established goals and objectives and whether operations and programs are being implemented or performed as intended.   This paper will also strive to help in improving the functions of internal controls in purchase, payable and payment first by describing the existing

CORPORATE FINANCE - MODULE 6 MINICASE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

CORPORATE FINANCE - MODULE 6 MINICASE - Essay Example This means that it generates enough cash to recover the cost of investment and the return that the investors want. If both franchise L and S are independent, then both of them should be accepted as both of them have a positive NPV. On the other hand, if they are mutually exclusive, then franchise S should be selected, as it gives a higher NPV value. (3) Would the NPV's change if the cost of capital changed (Ehrhardt & Brigham, 2006) The NPV inversely depends on the cost of capital. Therefore, if NPV increases then the cost of capital decreases; and, if the NPV decreases then the cost of capital increases. d. (1) Define the term internal rate of return (IRR). What is each franchise's IRR (Ehrhardt & Brigham, 2006) The IRR is the discount rate at which NPV is equal to zero. Expressed as an equation, we have: IRR: = $0 = NPV. 0 18.1% 1 2 3 | | | | -100.00 10 60 80 8.47 43.02 48.57 $ 0.06 $0 Franchise L's IRR is 18.1%. 0 23.6% 1 2 3 | | | | -100.00 70 50 20 56.63 32.73 10.59 $ (0.05) $0 Franchise S's IRR is 23.6% (2) How is the IRR on a project related to the YTM on a bond (Ehrhardt & Brigham, 2006) As the YTM is the promised rate of return on a bond, the IRR is the expected rate of return on a project. (3) What is the logic behind the IRR method According... Independent projects are those whose cash flows are not affected by the acceptance of another project. On the other hand, mutually exclusive projects are those whose cash flows are affected by the acceptance of another project. The rationale behind the NPV method is that if NPV=$0, then the project breakevens in a financial sense (but not in the accounting sense). This means that it generates enough cash to recover the cost of investment and the return that the investors want. If both franchise L and S are independent, then both of them should be accepted as both of them have a positive NPV. On the other hand, if they are mutually exclusive, then franchise S should be selected, as it gives a higher NPV value. IRR measures a project's profitability in the rate of return sense: if a project's IRR equals its cost of capital, then its cash flows are just sufficient to provide investors with their required rates of return. An IRR greater than r implies an economic profit, which accrues to the firm's shareholders, while an IRR less than r indicates an economic loss, or a project that will not earn enough to cover its cost of capital. No, the IRR wouldn't be affected by a change in the cost of capital. It should be noted, however, that the acceptability of the IRR may change if the cost of capital changes. For example, franchise L would be rejected if the cost of capital increases beyond 18.1%. (2)